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The president of the Azhar University, Dr. Ahmad al-Tayyib, analyzes the lecture of Pope Benedict XVI at the University of Regensburg two months ago.
After the time of the four caliphs who succeeded the Prophet Muhammad, the Islamic state became a kingdom, in the sense that power was passed from father to sons. This inherited rule was initiated by Mu‘āwīya Ibn Abī Sufyān, the founder of the Umayyad dynasty.
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